Calcium Hypochlorite Solutions: Evaluation of Surface Tension and Effect of Different Storage Conditions and Time Periods over pH and Available Chlorine Content.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pH and the available chlorine content from sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and calcium hypochlorite (Ca[OCl]2) solutions stored in different conditions and time periods and the surface tension of Ca(OCl)2 solutions in comparison with NaOCl. METHODS: Solutions at 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, and 5.25% concentrations were prepared. The pH level and the available chlorine content of freshly prepared solutions and solutions stored for 30, 60, and 90 days at 25°C, 4°C, or 37°C were evaluated in a digital pH meter and by titration, respectively. Surface tension was tested using a Du Nouy tensiometer (Sigma 702, Force Tensiometer; Attension, Espoo, Finland). Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS: A precipitate formed by 2.5% and 5.25% Ca(OCl)2 solutions was observed. Ca(OCl)2 showed a higher concentration of available chlorine than NaOCl. Both 2.5% and 5.25% NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 had a decrease in the available chlorine content when compared with freshly prepared solutions; 0.5% and 1% NaOCl tend to have a lower pH compared with 0.5% and 1% Ca(OCl)2. NaOCl, 5.25%, showed higher pH compared with 5.25% Ca(OCl)2. NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 in 0.5% and 1% concentrations tend to show a reduced pH level, whereas 2.5% and 5.25% solutions showed an increase in pH. The heat contributed to the instability of the solutions. NaOCl showed lower surface tension values than Ca(OCl)2. CONCLUSIONS: Ca(OCl)2 solutions are extremely alkaline and tend to have more available chlorine content than NaOCl but have a higher surface tension than NaOCl. Regarding the available chlorine content, these solutions tend to be stable to 30 days of storage when kept at 4°C or at 25°C.

Influence of EDTA and dentine in tissue dissolution ability of sodium hypochlorite.

This study verified whether ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) influences the pulp tissue dissolution capability of different concentrations of NaOCl, in the presence of dentine. NaOCl and EDTA solutions were simultaneously mixed in flasks either containing a dentine disc or those not containing a dentine disc. Previously weighed bovine pulp tissues were immersed in the solutions for 5, 15 and 30 min. The weight loss was measured. The dissolution tests were performed in triplicate. Univariate analysis of variance, along with further Tukey's honestly significant difference pairwise comparisons, was used to verify the effect of EDTA, different concentrations of NaOCl, dentine and time of incubation on the tissue dissolution. Higher concentrations of NaOCl increased the tissue dissolution. EDTA reduced the capacity of NaOCl to dissolve pulp tissue, even in presence of dentine. Dentine negatively affects the capacity of NaOCl to dissolve pulp tissue. In conclusion, the presence of EDTA and dentine negatively affects the tissue dissolution ability of NaOCl.

Pulp Tissue Dissolution Capacity of Sodium Hypochlorite Combined with Cetrimide and Polypropylene Glycol

This study evaluated the influence of the addition of cetrimide and polypropylene glycol to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on its capacity to dissolve pulp tissue. Bovine pulp fragments with standardized weight and volume were immersed for 5, 15 and 30 min in 2 mL of NaOCl and Hypoclean (NaOCl added with cetrimide and polypropylene glycol) solutions at 5.25%, 2.5%, 1%, 0.5% and 0.25% and afterwards re-weighted. Distilled water was used as a control. The percentage of tissue loss was considered for statistical analysis (univariate ANOVA, SPSS, v. 17.0) at 5% significance level. There was no tissue dissolution in the control group. NaOCl added with surfactants (Hypoclean) dissolved more pulp tissue (p<0.05) than NaOCl alone. Tissue dissolution was directly dependent on the concentration of solutions (p<0.05), and also on the time range (p<0.05). The combination of NaOCl at high and low concentrations with the surfactants cetrimide and polypropylene glycol increased significantly its capacity to dissolve pulp tissue.

Este estudo avaliou a influência da adição de cetramida e polipropilenoglicol ao hipoclorito de sódio (Hypoclean) na capacidade de dissolução pulpar do hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl). Fragmentos de tecido pulpar bovino, com peso e volume padronizados foram imersos por períodos de 5, 15 e 30 min em 2 mL de NaOCl ou Hypoclean nas concentrações 5,25%, 2,5%, 1%, 0,5% e 0,25%. Após a imersão nas soluções testadas, os fragmentos foram novamente pesados. Como controle, foi utilizada água destilada. O percentual de perda tecidual foi considerado para análise estatística (ANOVA univariada, SPSS, v. 17.0). Não houve dissolução tecidual no grupo controle. A solução de NaOCl combinada a surfactantes (Hypoclean) dissolveu um maior percentual de tecido pulpar (p<0,05) que o NaOCl sem associações. A dissolução tecidual foi diretamente dependente da concentração das soluções (p<0,05), assim como do tempo de exposição às soluções (p<0,05). A adição dos surfactantes cetramida e polipropilenoglicol ao NaOCl em concentrações altas e baixas aumentou significativamente sua capacidade de dissolução do tecido pulpar.

Pulp tissue dissolution capacity of sodium hypochlorite combined with cetrimide and polypropylene glycol.

This study evaluated the influence of the addition of cetrimide and polypropylene glycol to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on its capacity to dissolve pulp tissue. Bovine pulp fragments with standardized weight and volume were immersed for 5, 15 and 30 min in 2 mL of NaOCl and Hypoclean (NaOCl added with cetrimide and polypropylene glycol) solutions at 5.25%, 2.5%, 1%, 0.5% and 0.25% and afterwards re-weighted. Distilled water was used as a control. The percentage of tissue loss was considered for statistical analysis (univariate ANOVA, SPSS, v. 17.0) at 5% significance level. There was no tissue dissolution in the control group. NaOCl added with surfactants (Hypoclean) dissolved more pulp tissue (p<0.05) than NaOCl alone. Tissue dissolution was directly dependent on the concentration of solutions (p<0.05), and also on the time range (p<0.05). The combination of NaOCl at high and low concentrations with the surfactants cetrimide and polypropylene glycol increased significantly its capacity to dissolve pulp tissue.

Radiographic evaluation of antral pseudocyst, Stafne bone cavity and elongated stylohyoid complex / Avaliação radiográfica do pseudocisto antral, cavidade óssea de Stafne e alongamento do processo estilóide

Objective: The aim of this present study was to determine the prevalence of developing lesions such as: antral pseudocyst, Stafne bone cavity and elongated stylohyoid complex in patients from the Dentistry Faculty of the Federal University of Pelotas ? RS ? Brazil. Methodology: A total of 667 panoramic radiographies were observed. Dome-shaped, faintly radiopaque lesions arising from the floor of the maxillary sinus were diag-nosed as antral pseudocyst; yet, a stylohyoid complex was considered elongated when it presented over 30 mm length; and radiolucent cavity, unilaterally located in the posterior region of the mandible, between the mandibular angle and the third molar area, below the inferior dental canal and slightly above the mandibular basis was considered a Stafne bone cavity. Results: Fourteen cases of Antral pseudocyst were diagnosed. Most of them (93%) were unilateral, with no apparent etiology (86%). The elongated stylohyoid complex was diagnosed in 158 patients (23.68%). The Stafne bone cavity was diagnose in one patient (0.14%) only. Con-clusion: It can be concluded that antral pseudocyst and Stafne bone cavity are uncommon lesions in the studied population, while the elongated stylohyoid complex was a common finding, confirming data already repor-ted in the literature.